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class="print"><i class="_ico ico_print"></i></a> </div> </header> <div class="clearfix myart"><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">目前，火力發電廠的主要類型包括燃煤機組、燃氣-蒸汽聯合循環機組等。燃煤鍋爐煙氣的主要成分為N</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、O</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、顆粒物、CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、氮氧化物(NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">)</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、水蒸氣等，另外還含有較少量的CO、SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、H</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、CH</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和其他烴類化合物(C</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">H</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">)</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">。燃氣-蒸汽聯合循環電廠煙氣的主要成分是N</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、O</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、CO、SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、氮氧化物、硫化氫、氨、少量揮發性有機物和固體顆粒物等。除了氮氣、氧氣和CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">，煙氣中的其他成分不同程度地對環境造成一定的污染，其中，CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">作為一種溫室氣體，影響全球的氣候變化。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、SO</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">化石燃料中的硫元素在燃燒狀態下大部分轉化為SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">，少部分轉化為SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和氣態硫酸鹽。大氣中的SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">主要來自于煤炭，其次是石油，天然氣中含硫較少。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">硫氧化物排放主要是由于煤中硫的存在而產生的。硫在煤炭中以無機硫或有機硫的形式存在，燃燒過程中絕大多數硫氧化物以SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的形式產生并排放。此外還有極少部分被氧化為SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">吸附到顆粒物上或以氣態排放。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">是一種無色氣體，不易燃燒，不易爆。當空氣中SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的濃度含量低于1μL/L而高于0.1μL/L時，人便能感覺到不同的氣味；當SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">濃度高于3.0μL/L時，空氣有辛辣、刺激性氣味。SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">暴露于空氣中能部分轉化為SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和硫酸，其鹽類的轉化主要依靠光化學氧化或接觸催化氧化過程。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">硫氧化物對環境的影響主要包括影響空氣的能見度，以及以酸雨的形式腐蝕材料、破壞植被和巖石等。目前，單純的SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">對于人健康的影響在流行病學方面并不確定，但硫氧化物在高濕環境中作為顆粒物質對人健康的影響較大。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、SO</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">燃煤鍋爐中SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的典型轉化率低于1%。去除氮氧化物的催化工藝會促進SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">氧化成 SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">，轉化率為0.5%~2%。當煙氣溫度低于260℃時，SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">易與煙氣中的水蒸氣結合形成硫酸。硫酸易創造嚴重的腐蝕條件。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">當煙氣經過濕法煙氣脫硫系統后，煙氣中的硫酸易冷凝形成酸霧。酸霧是煙氣中顆粒物的重要貢獻者。酸霧直徑低于0.5μm，但少量酸霧(低于5μL/L)即導致可見的藍煙，即使藍煙中不含固體顆粒物。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、NO</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">因氮元素和氧元素的組成不同而存在多種形式，火力發電廠煙氣中的NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">主要來源于空氣中的氮氣在高溫下氧化，NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">主要由一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">)</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">組成。煤炭燃燒過程中排放的NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">是NO、NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">及氧化亞氮(N</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">O)</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">等的總稱，其中以NO為主，約占95%。NO的形成主要包括熱力型NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和燃料型NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">。熱力型NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的形成與燃燒溫度密切相關，燃料型NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的形成主要取決于燃料含氮量，電廠燃用煤炭收到基含氮量多在2%以下。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">在常溫常壓下為無色氣體，在空氣中易被O</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和光化學作用氧化成NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">。NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">在常溫常壓下為棕紅色氣體，能溶于水生成硝酸和亞硝酸，具有腐蝕性。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">能和人體血紅蛋白結合，導致血液輸氧能力下降。NO對血紅蛋白的親和性約為CO的1400倍，相當于O</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的30萬倍。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">是刺激性氣體，毒性很強，對呼吸器官有較強的刺激作用，可引起氣管炎、肺炎甚至肺氣腫，還可與血紅蛋白結合，引起組織缺氧。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">此外，大氣中的NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">與有機烴反應可形成多種光化學反應產物，導致光化學污染。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、煙塵的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">煙塵是煤燃燒過程中產生，并釋放到煙氣中的顆粒物，包括固態或液態的有機或無機顆粒物。一般情況下，煙氣中顆粒物的粒徑為1~100μm，其中，粒徑小于10μm和小于2.5μm的顆粒物分別稱為PM</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">??</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和PM</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">.</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">，兩者均屬于細顆粒。當顆粒物粒徑小于1μm時，顆粒物易發生凝并作用。細顆粒來源于煤的燃燒，同時也有一部分來自SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、NO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">和可揮發性有機物等在大氣作用下發生的化學轉化。煙氣中的煙塵排放會影響透光度、加劇SO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">對人呼吸道的不良作用等。相比于大顆粒煙塵，PM</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">.</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">對人體更加有害。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">燃煤電廠煙氣中的煙塵濃度與鍋爐爐型、燃煤灰分有關。煤粉爐煙塵排放的初始濃度大多為10～30g/m3；循環流化床鍋爐由于主要燃用劣質煤或煤研石，煙塵排放的初始濃度大多為15～50g/m3。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、汞及其他重金屬的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">重金屬排放來源于煤炭中含有的重金屬成分，大部分重金屬(砷、鎘、鉻、銅、汞、鎳、鉛、鋅、釩)以化合物形式(如氧化物)和氣溶膠形式排放。煤中的重金屬含量通常比燃料油和天然氣高幾個數量級。在眾多重金屬中，汞在煤炭中經燃燒后多以單質汞的形式存在(部分被氧化成氯化汞)，具有易揮發的特點。煙氣中汞的濃度為每立方米微克數量級。目前，常規的煙氣處理工藝無法去除單質汞。某些化合態的汞具有強毒性。汞進入水體后被微生物轉化為甲基汞，易富集在魚類脂肪中，從而進入食物鏈。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">6</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、CO的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">為無色無臭氣體，易燃，在空氣中燃燒呈藍色火焰。煙氣中的CO多源于煤炭、天然氣或其他有機物質的不完全燃燒。常溫常壓下，CO在空氣中的存在比較穩定，是具有一定累積性的大氣污染物。CO與人體血液中的血紅蛋白結合，生成碳氧血紅蛋白，引起缺氧癥狀，接觸時間較長則會引起中樞神經系統功能損傷、心肺功能變異等，甚至死亡。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">7</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">、CO</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">的來源、特征及危害</span></strong></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">是溫室氣體之一，主要來源于化石燃料和碳氫化合物的燃燒。全球大氣中CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">濃度的升高被認為是全球氣候變化的主要原因之一。提高能源生產和利用效率，用生物質燃料替代化石燃料或進行CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">捕集與封存是CO</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">?</span><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:14px;">減排的重要途徑。</span></p><p style="line-height:1.75em;"><span style="font-family:"宋體","simsun";font-size:12px;">來源：熱電環保侵刪</span></p><p><br /></p></div> <div class="keyword"><span>文章關鍵詞： </span> 火力發電，電廠煙氣，污染物，硫氧化物</div> <div class="_detailPage_bottom "> <ul class="clearfix"> <li class="_prev"> <strong class="_mark">上一條</strong> <a href="/news/481.htm" class="_title">湖南環保廳集體約談31家大氣污染治理滯后企業</a> <span class="_time">2015-08-11</span> </li> <li class="_next"> <strong 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